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Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany
Eleanor Fair Maid of Brittany (c. 1184 – 10 August 1241), also known as Damsel of Brittany, Pearl of Brittany or Beauty of Brittany, was the eldest daughter of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, the fourth son of King Henry II of England, and Constance, Duchess of Brittany. After the presumed death in 1203 of her imprisoned younger brother, Arthur, she was heiress to vast lands including England, Anjou, and Aquitaine as well as Brittany, realms where the Salic Law barring the accession of females did not apply; thus, inheriting Arthur's right to the throne as child of the usurping John's elder brother, Geoffrey, the designated heir, she posed a potential threat to her uncle. John, King of England, and, following his death in 1216, equally to her cousin, Henry III of England. She was imprisoned from 1202 and, thus, became the longest-imprisoned member of an English royal family. As a prisoner she was also unable to press her claim to the Duchy of Brittany as her mother's heiress.
Like Empress Matilda and Elizabeth of York, her claim to the English throne gained little support from the barons, due to the expectation that the monarch should be male, despite legal provision for a female monarch. Some historians have commented that her imprisonment was "the most unjustifiable act of King John".〔John Corry and John Evans,''The History of Bristol, Civil and Ecclesiastical: Including Biographical Notices of Eminent and Distinguished Natives'' (2011), p.219; ''Chilcott's New Guide to Bristol, Clifton and the Hotwells'', p.15〕 Though apparently innocent of any crime,〔Sir Frederick Pollock, ''The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I'', vol. 2 ()〕 nor locked in a cell,〔Costain, Thomas B. ''The Magnificent Century: The Pageant of England''. Garden City: Doubleday, 1951 p.4–7〕 and having lived a relatively comfortable life according to some reports,〔Gwen Seabourne, ''Imprisoning Medieval Women'' (2013) p.67, 70, 79 & 81-83〕 she was viewed as a "state prisoner", forbidden to marry and guarded closely even after her child-bearing years.〔
==Childhood==
Eleanor became fatherless at the age of two and was brought up by her uncle King Richard and grandmother Eleanor of Aquitaine.〔Douglas Richardson and Kimball G. Everingham,, ''Plantagenet Ancestry: a study in colonial and medieval families'' (2004), p.6〕 However, Richard's ward also meant that she was under Angevin custody, and thus even her mother Constance never considered her a potential heir to Brittany, which weakened her later claim to the duchy.〔Melissa Pollock, ''Duchesses and Devils: The Breton Succession Crisis (1148-1189)'', 2009/〕 As her younger brother Arthur was the heir presumptive to England and Brittany, she was one of the most marriagable princesses at that time.〔 In 1190, after Richard failed to marry his younger sister Joan to Al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, he proposed that Eleanor should be the bride instead, but the negotiation was also in vain, as Al-Adil showed no interest in Christianity.〔(A Bit of History WebSite )〕〔''The Angevin Empire''〕 In 1193, she was engaged to Frederick, son of Leopold V, Duke of Austria, as part of the conditions to release Richard, who had been taken prisoner by Emperor Henry VI. However, when she was on the way to Austria with Baldwin of Bethune the next year, the duke died, so the marriage never took place,〔 and under order of Pope Celestine III she returned to England, accompanied by her grandmother Eleanor.〔〔
In summer 1195, a marriage between her and Louis son of Philip II of France was suggested, for an alliance between Richard and Philip, but negotiations failed again. It is said that the Emperor opposed the marriage; and the failure was also a sign that Richard would replace Arthur as heir to England with his only living brother, John. This soon led to a sudden deterioration in relations between Richard and Philip.〔 Another marriage, with Duke Odo of Burgundy, may have been suggested, for in 1198 Philip ordered Odo not marry any relatives of Richard without his permission.〔G. Seabourne. "Eleanor of Brittany and her Treatment by King John and Henry III," ''Nottingham Medieval Studies'', Vol. LI (2007), pp. 73-110.〕
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